The Science Of Artificial Neural Networks Psychology Essay

The Science Of Artificial Neural Networks Psychology Essay The science of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), commonly referred as Neural Networks, stills a new and promising area of research. The concept of creation of neural networks exists for many decades. Nevertheless neural networks have become known and have been developed in international levels only in the recent years. It is noteworthy, scientist showing interest in neural networks, come from different scientific areas such as chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, engineering and the list goes on. That shows Neural Networks is a new challenge in science. No other science today combines and needs direct knowledge from such diverse areas. One of the main differences of the Artificial Neural Networks from the biological is that while ANNs learn through training and experience just like the biological ones but they follow different rules from regular computers. A Neural Network is a parallel data processing system consisted by multitude of artificial neurons, organized in structure s similar with the ones in human brain. They function as parallel computing devices made by many highly interconnected simple processors. Artificial Neurons are mainly organized in layers. The first of those layers called the input layer and is used to insert the data. Input layers are unable to proceed to any sort of computation as its elements do not comprise input weights or bias (threshold). The axon: mean of transfer of neural signals from the neuron. Its length can be tens of thousands of times the diameter of its body and it is characterized by high electrical resistance and very large capacitance. Every neuron has only one axon, however it can branch and thus enabling communication with many target cells or other neurons. The dendrite: short highly branched cell projections (filaments). Most neurons have many dendrites, attached on the soma and increase the surface area. There are approximately 10^3 to 10^4 dendrites per neuron, to receive information from other neurons through synapses they are covered with and transmit electrochemical stimulation to the soma. The axon terminal: located in the end of the axon and is responsible for transmitting signals on to other neurons. On axon terminals are attached the terminal buttons, that store the information in synaptic vesicles and secreting them in neurotransmitters. As mentioned above, the connection between neurons happens through the synapses. Neural synapses are a silent exchange of information. The electrical nerve impulses travel along neurons and transmitted by chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters) in the next neuron across a tiny gap, the synapses and are located between the neuron and the neighboring cell (target cell). Therefore dendrites are very close to each other but never in touch. It is estimated that there are approximately 10 billion neurons in the human cortex, and 60 trillion synapses or connections (Shepherd and Koch, 1990). A number of neurons and their connections form a neural network. The entire system of neural networks in the human body forms the Central Nervous System. This system goes through the whole human body with central points the brain and the spine. During lifetime, synapses are in constant dynamic equilibrium, new are created and old are destroyed. The creation of new synapse happens when the brain acquires more experiences from the surrounding environment, learns, recognizes and understands. On the other side, diseases cause the devastation of neurons and therefore the devastation of synapses. In comparison to other cells, neurons might not replaced by new ones, if destroyed. That means after the birth of a new individual, its neural system is fully developed within the first few months of its life. A neuron can be either active or inactive. When it is activated, it produces an electric signal. This signal has intensity of only a few mVolt. The way those electric signals are produced is pretty similar with the way a capacitor works. Between the external and internal surface of the cell of the neuron there is a dynamic difference. Although the mass of the human brain is only the 2% of human body mass, consumes more than the 20% of the oxygen that goes in the organism. The energy consumption in the brain is about 20 Watt in comparison to a computer that needs a lot more. The computational power of brain is measured by three possible approaches: The number of synapses (Kandel, 1985), the computational power of the retina and multiply it by their brain-to-retina ratio (Moravec, 1998b), and the total useful energy used by the brain per second by the amount of energy used for each basic operation to give the maximum operation per second (Merkle, 1989) From the three approaches above, is concluded that the estimated computational power of human brain is about 10^14 operations per second (Ng, 2009). It is interesting to mention how the electric pulses are created to stimulate neurons. On the membrane of the cell it is appeared to be an electric potential difference between its external and internal surface just like a capacitor. Most of the times the negative charges found in the internal surface as they cant penetrate the membrane and leave the cell. The membrane has many openings that allow ions and atoms to go through each element from its own channel. The endings of the channels are secured by gates which directing the flow of those elements. Proteins that act like pumps force the elements to travel in the opposite direction from their natural and thus neurons consume larger amounts of energy. Eventually the balanced movement of the elements along the surface of the membrane produces an electric current which is the corresponding electrical pulse that stimulates the neuron. Once the neuron has fired it returns to a state of potential equilibrium and in this state it cant be fired again until it recovers. Each neuron has a specific threshold or weight. When electric signals reach that point, sum up and if their weight value is same or larger than the one of the threshold the neuron stimulates. If the sum of the signals is smaller than the required value of the threshold, then the neuron stays inactive. Add images. Models of artificial neurons As mentioned earlier, ANNs are parallel data processing systems, consisting out of large numbers of artificial neurons, inspired by the biological neurons. A neuron is an information-processing unit that is fundamental to the operation of a neural network (Haykin, 1999, pg-10). A neuron may have many inputs, an internal structure consisting out of multiple layers but it always has a single output. Every single neuron accepts variable input signals x0, x1, x2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦xn. This corresponds to the electric pulses of the biological brain. Every input signal is multiplied by the synaptic weights of the neuron, wi, where i=1,2,3..n, the input nodes. The weights represent the biological synapses and indicate the strength of the bond (the connection) between them. The range of value of a weight can be positive or negative depending on if the function of synapse suspend or propagate (transmit) the stimuli from other neurons, unlike the biological synapses that do not take negative values. This is because external bias, b, are applied when the weights added. Bias or threshold, is the standard value of the internal potential energy of the neuron that the sum of the combined output must be reached in order the activation (or squashing) function to be activated. An important element of the neuronal body is the adder .At the adder, all the input signals, influenced by weight vectors are summing up together and produce a resultant combined output u. When the sum of weight is big (0 Therefore, the product u is given by the relationship: The result of combined output u, pass through the activation function, denoted with the letter  Ã¢â‚¬  ( ). The activation function is a non linear function where the resultant combined output u takes its final value y. The calculated activation output signal of the neuron is shown as: and where Therefore, Activation functions There are several activation functions, however three of the most basic types are the following 🙠 they slightly vary from book to book) The threshold activation function, which gives as an output 1, if the adder produce a value greater than the one of the threshold. This is expressed as: The Piecewise-Linear function, where the unity is assumed to be the amplification factor inside the linear region of operation (Haykin, 1999, pg:14) The Sigmoid function, which is expressed as: Where  Ã‚ ¡ is is the slope parameter of the sigmoid function. This function is one of the most important and most commonly used as it provides non-linearity to the neuron. Some other activation functions are, the rump function, the bipolar sigmoid function, and the signum function. The signum function gives a positive or negative output, with values usually ranging from 1 to -1 depending on the value of the summation of the weights on the threshold. This can be applied to the activation functions mentioned above and more specifically to the threshold faction giving: Add images and graphs A simple neural network In this paragraph, neural networks will be introduced, starting from their simplest form. Every neural network consists out of hundreds or thousands of tiny units, the neurons. Each neuron has an input where the electric signals are received. A neuron may have more than one input but no matter how many layers of neurons and synaptic connections are in between (the body), there is always one output value. The neurons of a layer between each input and output are not connected to each other however each layer is interconnected with the layer of the next and the previous level. In its simplest form, a neuron has no layers but is limited only to an input and an output. Every signal that leaves an output and enters an input has a value, the weights. The weights represent the importance of each signal reaching the threshold of an input. Depending on the value of weight (wn), the contribution of the electric signal can be great or small for the function of the system. Artificial intelligence and neural networks Historical background (The study of the brain and the biological neurons has started thousands of years ago.) However, as artificial neural networks started to be developing the past century, the historical background still not as broad as in other sciences. The first union of mathematical logic and neuropsychology, commenced in 1943 by Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts. McCulloch was a pioneer neuroanatomist and psychiatrist. Pitts was a young mathematical prodigy, who joined McCulloch in 1942. (Haykin, 1999, pg: 38). Together they created the first model a neural network that was represented by a great number of interconnected neurons. In their well-known paper, A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity, (1943), came up with theorems that describe the function of neurons and the neural networks. As a result of those theorems, neural networks and artificial intelligence ideas established a new era of research began. The paper of McCulloch and Pitts, triggered the interest of many scientists like von Neumann, Wiener and Uttley in their effort to extract information of the function of biological neurons and create corresponding artificial ones. In 1949 another idea appeared by D. Hebb who published the book The Organisation of Behavior. Although his book had greater influence on the psychological rather than the engineering community, he introduced the concept of postulate and learning and the synaptic modification rule, which suggests that the connectivity of the brain changes continually thorough its entire life in the process of learning new tasks. From 1950 to 1979, a number of remarkable books were written about neural networks developing the ideas of neurons abilities, such as learning and memorising. Some of these books are the Design for a Brain: The origin of Adaptive Behaviors, (1952) by Ashby, that still exciting to read nowadays, and the Learning Machines, (1965) by Nilsson, one of the best-written expositions about linearly separable patterns in hypersurfaces. (Haykin, 1999, pg: 40). A novel model, the perceptron, introduced in 1958 by F. Rosenblatt. The perceptron is a very simple model of supervised learning, which has only one input and one output built around a nonlinear neuron (Haykin pg 135). Although this model appeared to have many limitations the idea of training the neurons encouraged many scientists for building larger neural networks. In 1969, Minsky and Papert in their book Perceptron they make a complete evaluation of the features and uses of the perceptrons. It proved with mathematics that there were fundamental limitations on the computational ability of single-layered perceptrons and therefore those limitations assumed to carry on in the multilayered levels of perceptrons. A period followed were scientists start losing hope about neural networks and turned to other knowledge based systems. In 1982, neural networks make an interesting come back when John Hopfield proved in a strict mathematical way that by time a neural network can be adjusted to use the minimum energy to function just like human brain does. In addition, Hopfield proved that a simple neural network can be used as storage devise. Such networks are called the Hopfield networks. A very important work was published in 1986 by Rumelhart and McClelland. The two-volume book, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognitions, shows new methods of training neural networks and introduces the idea of parallel data processor. This theory had a great influence in the use of back-propagation learning as and allowed the development of multilayered networks (perceptrons). The books published by McCulloch- Pitts (1943), Hopfield (1982) and Rumelhart-McClelland (1986), are the most influential in the revolution of neural networks. Since 1980 to nowadays, Neural Networks have been established as a new independent science branch. Conferences and magazines appeared with complete interest on artificial neural networks while the first commercial companies dedicated to the improvement of them, created, supported by thousands of members worldwide especially in America, Europe and Japan. Learning processes/ training Fundamental ideas The present, looking to future Ann applications areas Anns in civil engineering Can it be applied in? Benefits/disadvantages Program Observations comments summary references

Which side are you on? Essay -- Analysis, Andrew Kydd

The journal article "Which side are you on? Bias, credibility and mediation" written by Andrew Kydd (2003) queried the significance of mediator’s impartiality. In the field of international relations, merely the study by Kydd (2003) has directly attributed mediator effectiveness to the provision of private information. The study is based on a game theo-retical model of mediation and draws on the theory of ‘cheap talk’ , which has its origin in economic science. There are two key findings of the study. Firstly, the study analytically pinpoints that mediators with accession to private information can, under certain condi-tions, help decrease the probability of war. Secondly, the author analyzes the effects of third-party bias. The analysis comes to the vague conclusion that â€Å"only a mediator who is effectively ‘on your side’ will be believed† (Kydd 2003: 598). For scientists a certain de-gree of bias is not merely acceptable but is in fact ob ligatory for some roles that media-tors play. Moreover, it points up this result for a role, information provision, that a number of scholars have claimed correctly belong to neutral weaker mediators rather than po-werful, and possibly even biased, mediators. (cf. ibid.: 608). With regard to the scope of Kydd’s model, I have to mention that the model makes no particular assumption about whether the two conflicting sides are recently at peace and trying to prevent a war or are negotiating the end of a continuing conflict. The main assumption behind the model is that the success of bargaining causes a decrease in the expected level of cost for both sides from fighting compared to what would have happened if the negotiations had been unsuccessful. The author assumes two main is-sues concerning med... ...oint and this emerged as crucial for truth telling in the trust-building context. An interior ideal point creates the possibility that the mediator can be seen in a sense as biased toward both sides. This means that the mediator shares with both of them a preference that they not be exploited. (cf. Kydd 2006: 457) In conclusion while taking Kydd’s model from 2003 into consideration, it is possible to argue that the neutral mediators, which have not supported any of the adversaries in direct manner, involve themselves for the reason that they want to end the conflict. Humanitarian, altruistic and political (reputation and image) issues may be key reasons for this interest. In this context, Kydd states that the neutral mediators suffer costs if war maintains. Nevertheless, they have no particular preferences over the result of the dis-pute. (cf. Svensson 2009: 448)

Beauty Pageants

Did beauty pageants go a bit too far? According to Oxford, beauty pageants are public entertainment contests of a procession of people in elaborate, colorful costumes, or an outdoor performance of a historical scene; however, child beauty pageants according to Wikipedia child beauty pageants are beauty contests that feature contestants up to 18 years of age; however, Competition categories may include interviews, talents, swim wear, casual wear, western wear, theme wear, etc.Contingent on the type of pageant system competitors may be seen with elaborate hairstyles, or wearing makeup as well as and custom designed, fitted outfits to fit their act on stage. There are a lot cons and pros to participating in beauty pageants. The most effected by such pageants are children, who are mostly hopeless and do not have a say in such things. In this essay I will be discussing how child beauty pageants are harmful to members psychological healthiness, developing superficial values that would dist ract from family relations and mess-up the natural progression of infantile or childhood, and promote a degrading prospect of women.The negative outcome of these pageants on the health of our children is becoming very scary and concerning. To begun with, beauty Pageants tend to cause psychological issues that may appear as sicknesses later on in their life, and members grow up in a mood where they absorb fake, damaged values. Such Pageants, effect children, especially girls in a very harmful way leading to anxiety, Paranoia, low self esteem, feelings of inferiority , bulimia, depression ,anorexia ,etc. Nevertheless, these are just the early effects of competition on young girls.The worst part is that those little innocent girls or boys are stuck in between two horrible extremes, which are the two feelings of wining, or losing. Experiencing such feelings at a young age is definitely unhealthy for children. â€Å"This study evaluated the association between childhood beauty pageants and adult disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem. Eleven women who participated in childhood beauty pageants were matched on age and BMI with 11 non-participating women.Childhood pageant participants scored higher on body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation than non-participants, and showed a trend toward greater ineffectiveness. There were no significant differences between groups on measures of bulimia, body perception, depression, and self-esteem. These findings suggest childhood beauty pageant participation may influence adult body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation, but not bulimic behaviors, body perception, depression, and self-esteem† (Gold, Eating Disorders).Secondly, childhood is a precious moment of a person’s life that should be churched and lived to its fullest; nonetheless, these beauty pageants cause Little girls to start developing superficial values such as the importunacy of looks over everything, conformity to the sick society, growing radical measures looks and wanting to be perfect, and lastly trying to fit the ideal. All those superficial values lead to producing, superficial women that will raise a generation under poisoned values.Beauty pageants teach little girls that in order to succeed in life it is acceptable to be two-faced and shallow. Conversely, media also helps in convincing little girls to be dependent on others' opinions and decisions for themselves, which is considered a big negative vibe. â€Å"Author's abstract: Child beauty pageants are a phenomenon in rural communities throughout Georgia. My belief is that most of those who compete in these pageants are from the lower socio-economic bracket, participating for a multitude of reasons.A bricolage of post-structural feminism, critical ethnography, critical hermeneutics and cultural studies lenses will analyze how the performances of participants and the power exercised by the beauty pageant culture work to formulate girls' identities. Analysis will also include how power operates to perpetuate this subculture and its right to dictate norms for beauty and acceptance and will be situated in the culture of girlhood. Examination of what is depicted in popular culture through videos, documentaries, and television shows will also occur.I suggest that the rural beauty pageant culture does work to create girlhood identity and a way in which the participants view the world and themselves. In fact, I believe that the rural beauty pageant culture does intricate cultural work in terms of gender and class† (Thompson, Reynolds, Trailer park royalty). Superficial values can distract from many important things such as family life, which is a very important component in the raising of each child. Messing up the natural progression of childhood can have unpleasant consequences that can lead to bigger issues.Lastly, Children are innocent creatures that should live their childhood without the interference of media, and sick minded people. The sexualisation and Materialization of these young girls is highly wrong, and also leads to degrading the female gender, and lastly places them in danger of being sexually harassed. Taking advantage of such innocent creatures is highly immoral, and should be punished for. Beauty pageants opened the doors for sexual harassers, by allowing little girls to do sexual routines or to wear sexual outfits.The issue of sexualizing children is a dominant issue that seams to be pushed and encouraged by the media: â€Å"stealing away a child's innocence by portraying her in the suggestive pose of a sexualized nymphet †¦ when her sense of self-worth is defined largely through a notion of beauty that is †¦ such relations is that the identities of the young girls who enter the pageants become meaningful† (Giroux, Stealing innocence). Media and beauty pageants Degrades the image of both women and girl s around the world, therefor each and every one of us should act against such things that put us, and the next generations in danger . Beauty Pageants Children's beauty pageants have been around for a long time. Toddlers and Tiaras is a show, based on mothers living their dream lives through their children. The mothers dress their young girls as if they are grown models. My out look on the whole situation is that little 5 year old girls, should not be competing in beauty pagents. Fake teeth, tans, eye lashes, and hair make these children look as though they are in their teens. No child should have to compete in looking â€Å"beautiful† or â€Å"the best†. Children their ages should be happy and not care what people think.Most children in their age groups are playing outside, not caring what their hair and makeup looks like. They are little girls, not teenagers. The parents of these little girls expect more from these children then they should. The outer beauty of these girls, seems more important than inner. I don't agree with the way these children are being raised, but it's the parents who choose to do this to their children. As for these children, as they grow up they will be held high above everyone and will not understand what it's like to work for things.One of the arguments against children's beauty pageants has to do with pedophilia and that this may encourage that. What I'm most concerned about is the message that it sends to girls and the unhealthy relationships that it perpetuates between parent and child. The worst part of the whole situation is that the children are going on stage dancing provocatively and â€Å"flirting† with the judges. As young as these children are they should not even know how to dance or â€Å"flirt† like they do. While I don't believe that it encourages pedophilia, it certainly will give that child a warped sense of the importance of female sexuality.Throughout the show there are many pageants distributed, but the ones that I've seen on the shows are the â€Å"Glitz† pageants. During the â€Å"Glitz† pageants the girls are expected to have spray tans, pounds of makeup, flippers; fake teeth, and fake hair. Its one thing to apply some lip gloss and a few hot rollers. It's another to make a 5 year old resemble a Vegas show girl. If there is going to be a pageant for children that involves beauty, at least it should involve the child's natural beauty and features.One of the arguments for pageants is that it promotes self confidence and that the children have fun doing it. As this may be true, the children are being taught at a very young age that it is okay to dress, dance and act inappropriate to get attention. The only thing these pageants are teaching children is that wearing pounds of makeup, and looking like a Barbie doll, is okay. As these children grow, they will hold themselves above everyone, and will expect everyone to treat them as if they are perfect. Beauty Pageants Did beauty pageants go a bit too far? According to Oxford, beauty pageants are public entertainment contests of a procession of people in elaborate, colorful costumes, or an outdoor performance of a historical scene; however, child beauty pageants according to Wikipedia child beauty pageants are beauty contests that feature contestants up to 18 years of age; however, Competition categories may include interviews, talents, swim wear, casual wear, western wear, theme wear, etc.Contingent on the type of pageant system competitors may be seen with elaborate hairstyles, or wearing makeup as well as and custom designed, fitted outfits to fit their act on stage. There are a lot cons and pros to participating in beauty pageants. The most effected by such pageants are children, who are mostly hopeless and do not have a say in such things. In this essay I will be discussing how child beauty pageants are harmful to members psychological healthiness, developing superficial values that would dist ract from family relations and mess-up the natural progression of infantile or childhood, and promote a degrading prospect of women.The negative outcome of these pageants on the health of our children is becoming very scary and concerning. To begun with, beauty Pageants tend to cause psychological issues that may appear as sicknesses later on in their life, and members grow up in a mood where they absorb fake, damaged values. Such Pageants, effect children, especially girls in a very harmful way leading to anxiety, Paranoia, low self esteem, feelings of inferiority , bulimia, depression ,anorexia ,etc. Nevertheless, these are just the early effects of competition on young girls.The worst part is that those little innocent girls or boys are stuck in between two horrible extremes, which are the two feelings of wining, or losing. Experiencing such feelings at a young age is definitely unhealthy for children. â€Å"This study evaluated the association between childhood beauty pageants and adult disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem. Eleven women who participated in childhood beauty pageants were matched on age and BMI with 11 non-participating women.Childhood pageant participants scored higher on body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation than non-participants, and showed a trend toward greater ineffectiveness. There were no significant differences between groups on measures of bulimia, body perception, depression, and self-esteem. These findings suggest childhood beauty pageant participation may influence adult body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation, but not bulimic behaviors, body perception, depression, and self-esteem† (Gold, Eating Disorders).Secondly, childhood is a precious moment of a person’s life that should be churched and lived to its fullest; nonetheless, these beauty pageants cause Little girls to start developing superficial values such as the importunacy of looks over everything, conformity to the sick society, growing radical measures looks and wanting to be perfect, and lastly trying to fit the ideal. All those superficial values lead to producing, superficial women that will raise a generation under poisoned values.Beauty pageants teach little girls that in order to succeed in life it is acceptable to be two-faced and shallow. Conversely, media also helps in convincing little girls to be dependent on others' opinions and decisions for themselves, which is considered a big negative vibe. â€Å"Author's abstract: Child beauty pageants are a phenomenon in rural communities throughout Georgia. My belief is that most of those who compete in these pageants are from the lower socio-economic bracket, participating for a multitude of reasons.A bricolage of post-structural feminism, critical ethnography, critical hermeneutics and cultural studies lenses will analyze how the performances of participants and the power exercised by the beauty pageant culture work to formulate girls' identities. Analysis will also include how power operates to perpetuate this subculture and its right to dictate norms for beauty and acceptance and will be situated in the culture of girlhood. Examination of what is depicted in popular culture through videos, documentaries, and television shows will also occur.I suggest that the rural beauty pageant culture does work to create girlhood identity and a way in which the participants view the world and themselves. In fact, I believe that the rural beauty pageant culture does intricate cultural work in terms of gender and class† (Thompson, Reynolds, Trailer park royalty). Superficial values can distract from many important things such as family life, which is a very important component in the raising of each child. Messing up the natural progression of childhood can have unpleasant consequences that can lead to bigger issues.Lastly, Children are innocent creatures that should live their childhood without the interference of media, and sick minded people. The sexualisation and Materialization of these young girls is highly wrong, and also leads to degrading the female gender, and lastly places them in danger of being sexually harassed. Taking advantage of such innocent creatures is highly immoral, and should be punished for. Beauty pageants opened the doors for sexual harassers, by allowing little girls to do sexual routines or to wear sexual outfits.The issue of sexualizing children is a dominant issue that seams to be pushed and encouraged by the media: â€Å"stealing away a child's innocence by portraying her in the suggestive pose of a sexualized nymphet †¦ when her sense of self-worth is defined largely through a notion of beauty that is †¦ such relations is that the identities of the young girls who enter the pageants become meaningful† (Giroux, Stealing innocence). Media and beauty pageants Degrades the image of both women and girl s around the world, therefor each and every one of us should act against such things that put us, and the next generations in danger . Beauty Pageants Did beauty pageants go a bit too far? According to Oxford, beauty pageants are public entertainment contests of a procession of people in elaborate, colorful costumes, or an outdoor performance of a historical scene; however, child beauty pageants according to Wikipedia child beauty pageants are beauty contests that feature contestants up to 18 years of age; however, Competition categories may include interviews, talents, swim wear, casual wear, western wear, theme wear, etc.Contingent on the type of pageant system competitors may be seen with elaborate hairstyles, or wearing makeup as well as and custom designed, fitted outfits to fit their act on stage. There are a lot cons and pros to participating in beauty pageants. The most effected by such pageants are children, who are mostly hopeless and do not have a say in such things. In this essay I will be discussing how child beauty pageants are harmful to members psychological healthiness, developing superficial values that would dist ract from family relations and mess-up the natural progression of infantile or childhood, and promote a degrading prospect of women.The negative outcome of these pageants on the health of our children is becoming very scary and concerning. To begun with, beauty Pageants tend to cause psychological issues that may appear as sicknesses later on in their life, and members grow up in a mood where they absorb fake, damaged values. Such Pageants, effect children, especially girls in a very harmful way leading to anxiety, Paranoia, low self esteem, feelings of inferiority , bulimia, depression ,anorexia ,etc. Nevertheless, these are just the early effects of competition on young girls.The worst part is that those little innocent girls or boys are stuck in between two horrible extremes, which are the two feelings of wining, or losing. Experiencing such feelings at a young age is definitely unhealthy for children. â€Å"This study evaluated the association between childhood beauty pageants and adult disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem. Eleven women who participated in childhood beauty pageants were matched on age and BMI with 11 non-participating women.Childhood pageant participants scored higher on body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation than non-participants, and showed a trend toward greater ineffectiveness. There were no significant differences between groups on measures of bulimia, body perception, depression, and self-esteem. These findings suggest childhood beauty pageant participation may influence adult body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation, but not bulimic behaviors, body perception, depression, and self-esteem† (Gold, Eating Disorders).Secondly, childhood is a precious moment of a person’s life that should be churched and lived to its fullest; nonetheless, these beauty pageants cause Little girls to start developing superficial values such as the importunacy of looks over everything, conformity to the sick society, growing radical measures looks and wanting to be perfect, and lastly trying to fit the ideal. All those superficial values lead to producing, superficial women that will raise a generation under poisoned values.Beauty pageants teach little girls that in order to succeed in life it is acceptable to be two-faced and shallow. Conversely, media also helps in convincing little girls to be dependent on others' opinions and decisions for themselves, which is considered a big negative vibe. â€Å"Author's abstract: Child beauty pageants are a phenomenon in rural communities throughout Georgia. My belief is that most of those who compete in these pageants are from the lower socio-economic bracket, participating for a multitude of reasons.A bricolage of post-structural feminism, critical ethnography, critical hermeneutics and cultural studies lenses will analyze how the performances of participants and the power exercised by the beauty pageant culture work to formulate girls' identities. Analysis will also include how power operates to perpetuate this subculture and its right to dictate norms for beauty and acceptance and will be situated in the culture of girlhood. Examination of what is depicted in popular culture through videos, documentaries, and television shows will also occur.I suggest that the rural beauty pageant culture does work to create girlhood identity and a way in which the participants view the world and themselves. In fact, I believe that the rural beauty pageant culture does intricate cultural work in terms of gender and class† (Thompson, Reynolds, Trailer park royalty). Superficial values can distract from many important things such as family life, which is a very important component in the raising of each child. Messing up the natural progression of childhood can have unpleasant consequences that can lead to bigger issues.Lastly, Children are innocent creatures that should live their childhood without the interference of media, and sick minded people. The sexualisation and Materialization of these young girls is highly wrong, and also leads to degrading the female gender, and lastly places them in danger of being sexually harassed. Taking advantage of such innocent creatures is highly immoral, and should be punished for. Beauty pageants opened the doors for sexual harassers, by allowing little girls to do sexual routines or to wear sexual outfits.The issue of sexualizing children is a dominant issue that seams to be pushed and encouraged by the media: â€Å"stealing away a child's innocence by portraying her in the suggestive pose of a sexualized nymphet †¦ when her sense of self-worth is defined largely through a notion of beauty that is †¦ such relations is that the identities of the young girls who enter the pageants become meaningful† (Giroux, Stealing innocence). Media and beauty pageants Degrades the image of both women and girl s around the world, therefor each and every one of us should act against such things that put us, and the next generations in danger .

Famous Quotations from Medea by Euripides

Famous Quotations from Medea by Euripides Medea is the famous play by the Greek, Euripides. To what extent would a mother go? Here are a few quotes from the Greek drama. Flow backward to your sources, sacred rivers,And let the worlds great order be reversed.It is the thoughts of men that are deceitful,Their pledges that are loose.- Euripides, Medea I am afraid of you...You are a clever woman, versed in evil artsAnd are angry at having lost your husbands love.I hear that you are threatening, so they tell me,To do something against my daughter and JasonAnd me too.- Euripides, Medea I have often been the loser.Even now I know that I am making a mistake.- Euripides, Medea Do you think that I would ever have fawned on that manUnless I had some end to gain or profit in it?- Euripides, Medea And when I have ruined the whole of Jasons house,I shall leave the land and flee from the murder of myDear children, and I shall have done a dreadful deed.For it is not bearable to be mocked by enemies.So it must happen. What profit have I in life?I have no land, no home, no refuge from my pain.- Euripides, Medea

Economics in the wester civili essays

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